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November 2, 2023
While influenza normally only threatens the elderly or those with complicating conditions, the 2009 H1N1 variant struck children particularly hard.
ADHD is known to be associated with inflammatory and immune-related disorders such as asthma, eczema, and allergic rhinitis. These disorders can aggravate respiratory infections such as influenza. Moreover, the cognitive deficits characteristic of ADHD - difficulty following instructions, reduced ability to control impulsive behavior and resulting nail-biting, and poor hand hygiene - can increase the probability of infection in the first place.
A Taiwanese research team explored how drug treatment for ADHD might affect the risk of childhood influenza. Only two drugs are approved in Taiwan for treating ADHD: the stimulant methylphenidate (MPH) and the non-stimulant atomoxetine. Because the latter is only recommended for patients who have unsatisfactory outcomes with MPH, MPH is the drug used in the vast majority of cases.
Taiwan is one of the relatively few countries that track the health care of its entire population in a comprehensive database, thanks to a single-payer health care system launched in1995. From the National Health Insurance Research Database, the Bureau of National Health Insurance in 2005 used random sampling to create a million-person Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (roughly five percent of the population).
From this latter database, the research team identified 9,826 patients newly diagnosed with ADHD. They excluded 1,786 with influenza before their ADHD diagnosis. After further excluding those outside the youth age brackets or who had gotten a flu shot during the year preceding enrollment, they were left with 5,259 patients with ADHD under age 18. Of these, 661 got influenza following diagnosis of ADHD.
In this ADHD cohort, 43 percent had not used any medication. Of the 57% who used medication, 20 percent did so for 90 days or less, and 37 percent for over 90 days.
After controlling for gender, age, level of urbanization, psychiatric or physical illnesses, and other medication use(sedative/hypnotics/anxiolytics), those prescribed MPH over 90 days were 38 percent less likely to get influenza requiring interaction with the health care system. There was a lesser reduction for those taking MPH 90 days or less, but it was not statistically significant.
A significant limitation is the fact that data from in-school vaccination programs are not included in the database used. If children receiving less or no medication were also less likely to be vaccinated, this unexplored covariate could explain the results. Further study is needed.
Hsuan Lee, VincentChin-Hung Chen, Yao-Hsu Yang , Ting-Yu Kuo, Tzu-Chin Lin, Shu-I Wu, Kai-LiangKao, Jun-Cheng Weng, Brent Allan Kelsen, Sophie Hsin-Yi Liang, "Decreased Risk of Influenza in Child and Adolescent Patients with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderFollowing Methylphenidate Treatment: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Taiwan," NeuropsychiatricDisease and Treatment (2020), 16: 1309-1319, https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S242519.
The Background:
Stimulant medications (like methylphenidate and amphetamines) and non-stimulants (like atomoxetine and guanfacine) remain the first-line treatments for ADHD, but their long-term use is often constrained by parental concerns, side effects (reduced appetite, sleep disruption, cardiovascular effects), and the fact that roughly 30% of children respond only partially or not at all. These medications tend to help with attention and behavior, but they do less to address emotional regulation or broader physical health, leaving some parents to seek other safe, complementary treatments.
Nutritional approaches, including omega-3 fatty acids, are one such avenue. Oily fish is the natural source, but clinical trials typically rely on supplements instead, since they allow for precise dosing, avoid the heavy-metal exposure that can come with high fish intake, and sidestep the problem of inconsistent dietary habits. Two omega-3s stand out as particularly relevant: DHA, which supports brain structure and cell-to-cell communication, and EPA, which helps reduce brain inflammation and improve blood flow. Both influence the dopamine and serotonin systems implicated in ADHD.
The Study:
Previous meta-analyses have generally found only modest overall benefits with mixed results. This mixed-results pattern may reflect the fact that children who had low omega-3 levels to begin with stand to benefit more than those whose levels are already adequate. This meta-analysis set out to test that idea directly, asking whether a child's baseline omega-3 status predicts how well they respond to supplementation.
To be included, studies had to be randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving children diagnosed with ADHD who did not have major coexisting medical conditions. Trials that used broad multinutrient interventions, where the effect of omega-3s specifically couldn't be isolated, were excluded.
The resulting analysis of seven RCTs covering 654 children found small overall improvements in ADHD symptoms with omega-3 supplementation, consistent with earlier meta-analyses. There was little variation across studies, but a clear signal of publication bias, which the authors did not attempt to statistically correct for.
Among four RCTs involving 369 children with low baseline omega-3 levels, supplementation produced a moderate improvement in ADHD symptoms, with consistent results across studies. By contrast, the six RCTs covering 559 children with normal or high baseline omega-3 levels showed no improvement at all, again with consistent results across studies.
The Results:
The authors concluded: this systematic review and meta-analysis offers preliminary evidence that children’s response to long-chain omega-3 supplementation for ADHD may depend on their starting omega-3 nutritional status. Larger effects emerged in the subgroups defined by individual studies as having low baseline levels, while normal, high, or unstratified groups showed little evidence of benefit. In other words, there may be a benefit to children with ADHD taking omega-3 supplements, but only if they are already deficient.
Even still, a sensitivity analysis limited to ADHD symptom-rating scales found only a numerically higher effect in the low-baseline group. This means that these results, though positive, are not considered statistically significant.
The Take-Away:
Given that the evidence rests on just seven trials, that “low baseline” was defined differently across studies (using different biological markers and thresholds), and that several subgroup comparisons were not planned in advance, the authors caution that these findings should be treated as hypothesis-generating rather than conclusive.
The Background:
Previous research has suggested that people with ADHD have higher rates of death than those without the condition. Until now, many of those studies lacked the detail needed to untangle why this might be the case. A recent meta-analysis of eight separate studies reported that ADHD roughly doubled the risk of death, and it hinted that factors like socioeconomic status and other mental illnesses might help explain the link.
The Study:
To explore this in more detail, researchers used the US National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative prospective cohort of just over 52,000 adults. Survey records were linked with the National Death Index, and participants were followed from the date of interview until death or December 31, 2019, whichever came first. The main outcome was death from any cause. With a median follow-up of just under eight years, there were 6,024 deaths recorded.
When the team adjusted their analysis for age, sex, ethnicity, and the year of the survey, having ADHD was associated with a 58% higher risk of death. Controlling further for family income and educational level reduced that increased risk slightly, to 50%.
Controlling for health conditions (like high blood pressure, diabetes, stroke, heart disease, and cancer) and lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, and body weight) also reduced the association to about 46%.
By contrast, when the researchers adjusted for two psychiatric conditions (anxiety and depression) commonly found alongside ADHD, the link between ADHD and higher mortality disappeared statistically. In other words, once anxiety and depression were taken into account, ADHD itself was no longer associated with a clearly measurable increase in the risk of death.
What Does This Mean?
The authors conclude that the apparent effect of ADHD on mortality seems to operate largely through accompanying mental illness, and to a lesser extent through lifestyle and physical health problems. They suggest that treating and managing these co-occurring issues (through medications, therapy, and behavioral interventions) might help reduce the risk of premature death in people with ADHD, although they note that further evidence is needed.
The Background:
Dementia is a rapidly growing public health problem affecting more than 50 million people worldwide. Nearly 10 million new cases are diagnosed each year, and that number is expected to almost triple by 2050. The most common form is Alzheimer’s disease, accounting for roughly 60–70% of cases, followed by vascular dementia at around 20%. Other types include dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson’s disease dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. While no cure exists, managing modifiable risk factors (such as high blood pressure, smoking, physical inactivity, and poorly controlled diabetes) can delay or slow both the onset and progression of the condition.
Several studies have reported an elevated dementia risk among people with ADHD, and a number of mechanisms may explain this association. These include shared genetic or neurobiological vulnerabilities, reduced cognitive reserve (leaving the brain less resilient to age-related damage), and greater lifetime exposure to other established dementia risk factors.
Earlier reviews explored the possible link between ADHD and dementia, but tended toward a broader scope (incorporating other neurodegenerative disorders or mixing study designs), which introduced substantial variability and precluded quantitative synthesis. The relevant research literature has also expanded considerably since those reviews appeared.
The Study:
This meta-analysis restricted inclusion to case-control and cohort studies, yielding five that met the criteria. One was a case-control study with 400 participants; the other four were cohort studies collectively covering 3.7 million individuals, two retrospective and two prospective.
The Results:
Pooling the four cohort studies, individuals with ADHD showed approximately two-and-a-half times the dementia risk of those without the diagnosis. There was no indication of publication bias.
The Take-Away:
The authors concluded that ADHD is associated with a significantly increased risk of all-cause dementia in later life, while noting that its relationship to specific dementia subtypes remains less clear and warrants attention in future research.
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